GOJI: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Goji (Lycium chinense; Lycium barbarum) is a shrub. The berries, berry juice, and root bark have been used for many purposes, but with little evidence.

Goji grows in the Mediterranean region and parts of Asia. It contains chemicals that might help lower blood pressure and blood sugar. It might also help stimulate the immune system and protect organs.

Goji is used for many conditions including diabetes, weight loss, improving quality of life, and as a tonic, but there is no good scientific evidence to support any of these uses.

Uses & Effectiveness ?

We currently have no information for GOJI overview.

Side Effects

Special Precautions and Warnings

When taken by mouth: Goji fruit is possibly safe when taken short-term. Up to 15 grams of goji fruit daily has been used safely for up to 4 months. In rare cases, goji fruit can cause allergic reactions.

There isn't enough reliable information available to know if other parts of the goji plant are safe or what the side effects might be. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if goji is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. There is some concern that goji fruit might cause the uterus to contract. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Allergy to protein in certain products: Goji might cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to tobacco, peaches, tomatoes, and nuts.

Interactions ?

Major Interaction

Do not take this combination

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with GOJI
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Goji might increase how long warfarin is in the body. This might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates) interacts with GOJI
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with GOJI
Goji root bark might lower blood pressure. Taking goji along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Flecainide (Tambocor) interacts with GOJI
Flecainide is used to reduce irregular heartbeat. Goji might increase the levels of flecainide in the body. This can increase the risk of flecainide toxicity and serious heart issues.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with GOJI
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with GOJI
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with GOJI
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Goji might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.

Minor Interaction

Be watchful with this combination

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with GOJI
Goji might lower blood sugar levels. Taking goji along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.

Dosing

There isn't enough reliable information to know what an appropriate dose of goji might be. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult a healthcare professional before using.

View References

REFERENCES:

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Amagase H, Sun B Nance DM. Clinical studies of improving general well-being by a standardized Lycium barbarum fruit juice. Planta Med 2008;74:1175-1176.

Amagase, H. and Nance, D. M. Lycium barbarum increases caloric expenditure and decreases waist circumference in healthy overweight men and women: pilot study. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2011;30(5):304-309. View abstract.

Amagase, H., Sun, B., and Borek, C. Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxidant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults. Nutr.Res. 2009;29(1):19-25. View abstract.

Amagase, H., Sun, B., and Nance, D. M. Immunomodulatory effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum fruit juice in Chinese older healthy human subjects. J.Med.Food 2009;12(5):1159-1165. View abstract.

Benzie, I. F., Chung, W. Y., Wang, J., Richelle, M., and Bucheli, P. Enhanced bioavailability of zeaxanthin in a milk-based formulation of wolfberry (Gou Qi Zi; Fructus barbarum L.). Br J Nutr 2006;96(1):154-160. View abstract.

Breithaupt, D. E., Weller, P., Wolters, M., and Hahn, A. Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Br.J Nutr. 2004;91(5):707-713. View abstract.

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Chao, J. C., Chiang, S. W., Wang, C. C., Tsai, Y. H., and Wu, M. S. Hot water-extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 7-28-2006;12(28):4478-4484. View abstract.

Cheng, C. Y., Chung, W. Y., Szeto, Y. T., and Benzie, I. F. Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br.J Nutr. 2005;93(1):123-130. View abstract.

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Gan, L., Wang, J., and Zhang, S. [Inhibition the growth of human leukemia cells by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 2001;30(6):333-335. View abstract.

Gomez-Bernal, S., Rodriguez-Pazos, L., Martinez, F. J., Ginarte, M., Rodriguez-Granados, M. T., and Toribio, J. Systemic photosensitivity due to Goji berries. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 2011;27(5):245-247. View abstract.

Gong, H., Shen, P., Jin, L., Xing, C., and Tang, F. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on irradiation or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive mice. Cancer Biother.Radiopharm. 2005;20(2):155-162. View abstract.

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Hai-Yang, G., Ping, S., Li, J. I., Chang-Hong, X., and Fu, T. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on mitomycin C (MMC)-induced myelosuppressive mice. J Exp Ther Oncol 2004;4(3):181-187. View abstract.

He, Y. L., Ying, Y., Xu, Y. L., Su, J. F., Luo, H., and Wang, H. F. [Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on tumor microenvironment T-lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cells in H22-bearing mice]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Xue.Bao. 2005;3(5):374-377. View abstract.

Huang, X., Yang, M., Wu, X., and Yan, J. [Study on protective action of lycium barbarum polysaccharides on DNA imparments of testicle cells in mice]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 2003;32(6):599-601. View abstract.

Huang, Y., Lu, J., Shen, Y., and Lu, J. [The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 3-30-1999;28(2):115-116. View abstract.

Kim, H. P., Kim, S. Y., Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. C., and Kim, Y. C. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense has hepatoprotective activity. Res Commun.Mol.Pathol Pharmacol 1997;97(3):301-314. View abstract.

Kim, H. P., Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. C., Kim, J., Kim, H. K., Park, J. H., Kim, S. Y., and Kim, Y. C. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense fruit reduces experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25(3):390-392. View abstract.

Kim, S. Y., Lee, E. J., Kim, H. P., Kim, Y. C., Moon, A., and Kim, Y. C. A novel cerebroside from lycii fructus preserves the hepatic glutathione redox system in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999;22(8):873-875. View abstract.

Lee, D. G., Jung, H. J., and Woo, E. R. Antimicrobial property of (+)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller against human pathogenic microorganisms. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28(9):1031-1036. View abstract.

Lee, D. G., Park, Y., Kim, M. R., Jung, H. J., Seu, Y. B., Hahm, K. S., and Woo, E. R. Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense. Biotechnol.Lett 2004;26(14):1125-1130. View abstract.

Liu, X. L., Sun, J. Y., Li, H. Y., Zhang, L., and Qian, B. C. [Extraction and isolation of active component for inhibiting PC3 cell proliferation in vitro from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L.]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2000;25(8):481-483. View abstract.

Lu, C. X. and Cheng, B. Q. [Radiosensitizing effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide for Lewis lung cancer]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1991;11(10):611-2, 582. View abstract.

Luo, Q., Cai, Y., Yan, J., Sun, M., and Corke, H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci 11-26-2004;76(2):137-149. View abstract.

Luo, Q., Yan, J., and Zhang, S. [Isolation and purification of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides and its antifatigue effect]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 3-30-2000;29(2):115-117. View abstract.

Miao, Y., Xiao, B., Jiang, Z., Guo, Y., Mao, F., Zhao, J., Huang, X., and Guo, J. Growth inhibition and cell-cycle arrest of human gastric cancer cells by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide. Med.Oncol. 2010;27(3):785-790. View abstract.

Monzon, Ballarin S., Lopez-Matas, M. A., Saenz, Abad D., Perez-Cinto, N., and Carnes, J. Anaphylaxis associated with the ingestion of Goji berries (Lycium barbarum). J.Investig.Allergol.Clin.Immunol. 2011;21(7):567-570. View abstract.

Paul Hsu, C. H., Nance, D. M., and Amagase, H. A meta-analysis of clinical improvements of general well-being by a standardized Lycium barbarum. J.Med.Food 2012;15(11):1006-1014. View abstract.

Peng, Y., Ma, C., Li, Y., Leung, K. S., Jiang, Z. H., and Zhao, Z. Quantification of zeaxanthin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits (Fructus Lycii). Plant Foods Hum.Nutr 2005;60(4):161-164. View abstract.

Sin, H. P., Liu, D. T., and Lam, D. S. Lifestyle modification, nutritional and vitamins supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(1):6-11. View abstract.

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Toyoda-Ono, Y., Maeda, M., Nakao, M., Yoshimura, M., Sugiura-Tomimori, N., and Fukami, H. 2-O-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, a novel ascorbic acid analogue isolated from Lycium fruit. J Agric Food Chem 4-7-2004;52(7):2092-2096. View abstract.

Vidal, K., Bucheli, P., Gao, Q., Moulin, J., Shen, L. S., Wang, J., Blum, S., and Benyacoub, J. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplementation with a milk-based wolfberry formulation in healthy elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rejuvenation.Res. 2012;15(1):89-97. View abstract.

Wang, Y., Zhao, H., Sheng, X., Gambino, P. E., Costello, B., and Bojanowski, K. Protective effect of Fructus Lycii polysaccharides against time and hyperthermia-induced damage in cultured seminiferous epithelium. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;82(2-3):169-175. View abstract.

Wei, D., Li, Y. H., and Zhou, W. Y. [Observation on therapeutic effect of runmushu oral liquid in treating xerophthalmia in postmenopausal women]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 2009;29(7):646-649. View abstract.

Weller, P. and Breithaupt, D. E. Identification and quantification of zeaxanthin esters in plants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J.Agric.Food Chem. 11-19-2003;51(24):7044-7049. View abstract.

Wineman, E., Portugal-Cohen, M., Soroka, Y., Cohen, D., Schlippe, G., Voss, W., Brenner, S., Milner, Y., Hai, N., and Ma'or, Z. Photo-damage protective effect of two facial products, containing a unique complex of Dead Sea minerals and Himalayan actives. J.Cosmet.Dermatol. 2012;11(3):183-192. View abstract.

Zhang, M., Chen, H., Huang, J., Li, Z., Zhu, C., and Zhang, S. Effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharide on human hepatoma QGY7703 cells: inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Life Sci 3-18-2005;76(18):2115-2124. View abstract.

Zhao, H., Alexeev, A., Chang, E., Greenburg, G., and Bojanowski, K. Lycium barbarum glycoconjugates: effect on human skin and cultured dermal fibroblasts. Phytomedicine 2005;12(1-2):131-137. View abstract.

Zhao, R., Li, Q., and Xiao, B. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2005;125(12):981-988. View abstract.

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Amagase H, Nance DM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (goji) juice, GoChi. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14:403-12. View abstract.

Cai H, Liu F, Zuo P, Huang G, Song Z, Wang T, et al. Practical application of antidiabetic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Med Chem. 2015;11(4):383-90. View abstract.

Cao GW, Yang WG, Du P. [Observation of the effects of LAK/IL-2 therapy combining with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the treatment of 75 cancer patients]. Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1994;16:428-31. View abstract.

Carnes, J., de Larramendi, C. H., Ferrer, A., Huertas, A. J., Lopez-Matas, M. A., Pagan, J. A., Navarro, L. A., Garcia-Abujeta, J. L., Vicario, S., and Pena, M. Recently introduced foods as new allergenic sources: sensitisation to Goji berries (Lycium barbarum). Food Chem. 4-15-2013;137(1-4):130-135. View abstract.

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Chung SY, Kang M, Hong SB, Bae H, Cho SH. Standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract enhances attention and cognitive function in healthy young people by a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Res Med Sci. 2019;24:102. View abstract.

Guzmán CE, Guzmán-Moreno CG, Assad-Morell JL, Edgar Francisco Carrizales-Sepúlveda EF. Flecainide toxicity associated with the use of goji berries: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2021;5(6):ytab204. View abstract.

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Jiménez-Encarnación E, Ríos G, Muñoz-Mirabal A, Vilá LM. Euforia-induced acute hepatitis in a patient with scleroderma. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012. View abstract.

Kim SY, Lee EJ, Kim HP, et al. LCC, a cerebroside from lycium chinense, protects primary cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to galactosamine. Phytother Res 2000;14:448-51. View abstract.

Lam AY, Elmer GW, Mohutsky MA. Possible interaction between warfarin and Lycium Barbarum. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1199-201. View abstract.

Larramendi CH, García-Abujeta JL, Vicario S, García-Endrino A, López-Matas MA, García-Sedeño MD, et al. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum): Risk of allergic reactions in individuals with food allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22(5):345-50. View abstract.

Larramendi, C. H., Garcia-Abujeta, J. L., Vicario, S., Garcia-Endrino, A., Lopez-Matas, M. A., Garcia-Sedeno, M. D., and Carnes, J. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum): risk of allergic reactions in individuals with food allergy. J.Investig.Allergol.Clin.Immunol. 2012;22(5):345-350. View abstract.

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Leung H, Hung A, Hui AC, Chan TY. Warfarin overdose due to the possible effects of Lycium barbarum L. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:1860-2. View abstract.

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Liu R, Tam TW, Mao J, et al. In vitro activity of Lycium barbarum (Goji) against major human phase I metabolism enzymes. Complement Integr Med. 2016;13(3):257-265. View abstract.

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Toh DWK, Xia X, Sutanto CN, et al. Enhancing the cardiovascular protective effects of a healthy dietary pattern with wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021:nqab062. View abstract.

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CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020.

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Well-Being

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GOJI - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Overview

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Side Effects

Special Precautions and Warnings

Interactions ?

Major Interaction

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with GOJI

Moderate Interaction

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with GOJI

Flecainide (Tambocor) interacts with GOJI

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Minor Interaction

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with GOJI

Dosing

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GOJI - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Overview

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Side Effects

Special Precautions and Warnings

Interactions ?

Major Interaction

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with GOJI

Moderate Interaction

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with GOJI

Flecainide (Tambocor) interacts with GOJI

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with GOJI

Minor Interaction

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with GOJI

Dosing

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