Wilderness: Cone Snail Sting

Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on October 02, 2024
Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors
2 min read

A cone snail has a cone-shaped shell, a fleshy foot, a head, and tentacles. Cone snails live in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the Caribbean and Red Seas, and along the coast of Florida. They are not aggressive. The sting usually occurs when divers in deep reef waters handle the snails. Swimmers and snorkelers are unlikely to find cone snails in shallow intertidal waters. Their empty shells are prized items on sandy beaches.

Cone snail shells range in size from less than an inch to 9 inches long. The snail unwinds itself in the shell and comes out the opening. Much like a harpoon, a sharp venomous stinger stabs the snail's prey. Cone snails hunt worms and other snails. A few varieties of cone snails eat fish, and these are the most harmful to humans.

Avoid contact with these animals. The animal's harpoon can penetrate gloves. The toxin is similar to the paralytic toxin of the pufferfish and blue-ringed octopus.

  • Symptoms include intense pain, numbness, and tingling.
  • Symptoms can begin within minutes or take days to appear.
  • Severe cases of cone snail stings involve muscle paralysis, blurred/double vision, and respiratory paralysis, leading to death.
  • To relieve pain, immerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable. 
  • Use the pressure-immobilization technique to prevent the venom from spreading through the body as much as possible:
    • The extremity should be wrapped with a bandage in a style similar to wrapping a sprained ankle.
    • Bind the limb firmly but do not block the circulation. Fingers and toes should remain pink.
    • Leave bandages intact until medical care can be reached.
  • Avoid movement.
  • CPR may be necessary. Artificial respiration may save the person's life.
  • Do not cut into the wound, apply suction, or use a tourniquet.
  • Seek medical treatment as soon as possible.
  • Intensive care hospitalization, including use of a respirator, may be required.

The University of Edinburgh, Cone Snails

MedlinePlus, Marine animal stings or bites

Media file 1: Cone snail shells.

Media type: Image

Media file 2: Molecular model of cone snail toxin that blocks skeletal muscle sodium-channels, causing paralysis. Other toxins can block calcium channels and nicotinic acetylcholine channels in cardiac and nerve tissues.

Media type: Image
 

wilderness: cone snail sting, cone snail sting, cone snail poisoning, paralytic toxin, toxin, pressure-immobilization